folD Resolved · high auto-curated

H37Rv Rv3356c · MTBC0 - · 281 aa · 3769804–3770649 H37Rv (-) · RefSeq NP_217873.1

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Annotation: from legacy to revised

Legacy (H37Rv / Mycobrowser)bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase
MTBC0 PGAP re-annotation—
Revised (this work)Bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase. Pfam: THF_DHG_CYH (PF00763.29), THF_DHG_CYH_C (PF02882.26).
Functional category (TubercuList)intermediary metabolism and respiration

Auto-curated: this verdict and function were generated by rules from PGAP + Pfam + Foldseek and have not been hand-reviewed.

Annotated on the H37Rv protein: this gene has no 1:1 ancestral MTBC0 anchor (PE/PPE, paralogue, IS element, or otherwise unanchored CDS).

In the literature (TB corpus sweep) 4427 publications

4427 TB publications mention this gene. 4427 publications discuss this gene. Queried separately, 3756 records carry a M. tuberculosis context and 591 a non-TB mycobacterial context (species named in the 40-record verified sample: M. smegmatis (21), M. abscessus (14), M. marinum (5), M. leprae (2)). The three counts come from three distinct PubMed queries (each with its own context filter), so they neither partition the total nor need to add up to it.

5 of 4427: the most recently indexed records of the curated sweep at its date, not necessarily the most recent papers on this gene — the exhaustive list below is later and broader and may hold newer ones.
PublicationDate
Machine learning-based analysis of drug resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0352863 2026
Safety evaluation of pretomanid, an anti-tuberculosis drug, for the treatment of pregnant and lactating women. doi:10.1128/aac.00343-26 2026
Incidence trends of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infections in Australia, Cambodia, Japan, Thailand, and the United States. doi:10.64898/2026.06.27.26356627 2026
Improving Generalizability in Whole-Cell Antibiotic Discovery Through Active Learning. doi:10.64898/2026.07.04.736489 2026
TPS-Flow: Physics-Guided Flow-Based Generative Modeling of Protein Transition Paths. doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.6c00807 2026
4622 records returned by the alias sweep (a separate sweep from the 4427 above; both are shown, neither is exhaustive)

Searched as: Rv3356c, folD, Mb3391c, ML0674, MMAR_1176, MSMEG_1647, MAB_3692c — each in conjunction with a mycobacterial context term. Swept 2026-09-07.

PublicationJournalYear
Minimal supply chain and forecasting testing volumes for clinical bacteriology laboratories in resource-limited settings for individual patient care: a costing study. doi:10.1016/j.lanmic.2026.101444 Lancet Microbe 2027
Isotopic tracing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected alveolar epithelial cells indicates metabolic specificity to their virulence and drug-resistance status. doi:10.1080/21505594.2026.2723630 Virulence 2026
Genomic and structural insights into the atpB L173I substitution: modulation of the F₀ rotor architecture in Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATP synthase and altered Bedaquiline binding dynamics. doi:10.1007/s11274-026-05173-9 World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2026
Rv3400 is a phosphoglucomutase required for trehalose metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1128/jb.00343-26 J Bacteriol 2026
From granulomas to tumors: post-tuberculosis immune and structural lung remodeling as a driver of carcinogenesis. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1889276 Front Immunol 2026
Market landscape of penicillin for syphilis and rheumatic heart disease, WHO South-East Asia Region. doi:10.2471/BLT.25.295053 Bull World Health Organ 2026
The MEG3/miR-133b regulatory axis in exosomes influences macrophage responses to drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1007/s00203-026-05143-7 Arch Microbiol 2026
Red blood cell distribution width is associated with coronary artery disease in latent tuberculosis infection: a machine learning-based study. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2026.1836144 Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2026
Posttuberculosis Consequences on Tuberculosis Prevention Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness among New Immigrants, Canada. doi:10.3201/eid3209.260473 Emerg Infect Dis 2026
Downregulated Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicle MicroRNAs as Novel Biomarkers for Enhanced Tuberculosis Diagnosis. doi:10.1155/jimr/9206625 J Immunol Res 2026
Ag85A-PEGylated Propolis Nanoparticles Exhibit Intracellular Antimycobacterial and Host-Protective Activities Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.3390/ijms27167223 Int J Mol Sci 2026
New Strategies in Tuberculosis Prediction: TB-CAST, an Explainable Baseline Score for Two-Month Sputum Culture Positivity. doi:10.3390/life16081384 Life (Basel) 2026
Genetic Determinants of Infectious Diseases in the Qatari Population. doi:10.3390/epidemiologia7040110 Epidemiologia (Basel) 2026
SMOKING, ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE AS KEY RISK FACTORS FOR LUNG CANCER IN NORTH SUMATRA. doi:10.15407/exp-oncology.2026.02.152 Exp Oncol 2026
Getting a grip on StAR-related lipid-transfer (START) domain proteins in bacteria. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuag042 FEMS Microbiol Rev 2026
Proton-coupled alternating access in a versatile mycobacterial Spns drug transporter. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9890564/v1 Res Sq 2026
Mycobacteriophage D29-mediated lysis improves recovery of mycobacterial genomic DNA from low-biomass samples. doi:10.64898/2026.08.08.743631 bioRxiv 2026
Diagnostic utility of the urine lipoarabinomannan assay for tuberculosis screening in patients with diabetes mellitus. doi:10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_158_26 J Postgrad Med 2026
Diagnostic predictors of tuberculosis in exudative pleural effusion patients with intermediate adenosine deaminase values: a retrospective diagnostic prediction model study. doi:10.4081/monaldi.2026.3828 Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2026
Adaptation of the molecular bacterial load assay for real-time quantification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the clinical routine laboratory. doi:10.1128/spectrum.01018-26 Microbiol Spectr 2026
Encoded metabolic remodeling amplifies drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1014237 PLoS Pathog 2026
Activity of Thiourea-Linked Diamidines against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.6c00572 ACS Infect Dis 2026
Deep learning segmentation with uncertainty quantification for spinal tuberculosis on fat-suppressed T2-weighted MRI. doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1885886 Front Physiol 2026
Methylglyoxal Attenuates Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Macrophage Programming Associated with NRF-2 Antioxidant Responses and Reduced MCT4/Lactate-Linked Inflammatory Markers. doi:10.3390/ijms27156940 Int J Mol Sci 2026
Case study of elevated alpha-fetoprotein secondary to drug-induced hepatitis mimicking germ cell tumor: a diagnostic pitfall. doi:10.1097/MS9.0000000000005305 Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2026
Tuberculosis epidemiology and programmatic progress in the WHO Western Pacific Region, 2010-2024: an analysis of surveillance data. doi:10.1186/s41182-026-00971-1 Trop Med Health 2026
PLUTO: a YOLO-based lung field detector for pediatric lateral chest X-rays generalizable to adults. doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1874287 Front Artif Intell 2026
Prediction models and nomograms for incident risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in Shanghai. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2026.108530 Am J Prev Med 2026
Predictive value of peripheral blood hsa-miR-122-5p and hsa-miR-486-5p for response to neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in lung squamous cell carcinoma. doi:10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102950 Transl Oncol 2026
Position-dependent hydrophobic "molecular brakes" in M2-MspA nanopores enable label-free differentiation of oppositely-charged analytes under symmetric conditions. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2026.119032 Biosens Bioelectron 2026
Pharmacokinetics and safety of TBAJ-587, a novel antimycobacterial diarylquinoline, in healthy participants. doi:10.1128/aac.01930-25 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2026
Cervical Cancer Screening in Women Living with HIV in South Africa: Addressing Health Disparities Through Integrated Prevention Strategies. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S613391 Int J Womens Health 2026
Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Skin Biopsies Identifies Potential Candidate Biomarkers for Leprosy Progression Across the Ridley-Jopling Clinical Spectrum. doi:10.3390/microorganisms14071567 Microorganisms 2026
Apo and substrate-bound dihydropteroate synthase crystal structures from Thermus thermophilus HB8. doi:10.1007/s00249-026-01857-0 Eur Biophys J 2026
Protein kinase F regulates the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1128/iai.00698-25 Infect Immun 2026
Multiparametric flow cytometry immune profiling of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis reveals distinct blood-based biomarker signatures. doi:10.1016/j.tube.2026.102795 Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2026
An explainable multi-label Diagnostic Prediction Model for lung diseases based on proteomic biomarkers. doi:10.1177/20552076261471883 Digit Health 2026
Fast and memory efficient partial order alignment with minipoa. doi:10.1101/gr.282046.126 Genome Res 2026
Overcoming catalytic barriers to reprogram acyltransferases for bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate hydrolysis. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135492 Bioresour Technol 2026
Exposure to the four first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs and treatment outcomes: a target trial emulation study in Ghana. doi:10.1186/s12879-026-14061-4 BMC Infect Dis 2026
Enhancement of a STING Agonist Vaccine for Tuberculosis Using Locally Supercharged MS2 Viral Capsids. doi:10.64898/2026.07.03.736450 bioRxiv 2026
Calibration-aware genomic prediction of paratuberculosis serostatus in indigenous Turkish goats. doi:10.1038/s41598-026-62518-y Sci Rep 2026
Laboratory and field performance of 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole against fast-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria found in metalworking fluid. doi:10.1093/jimb/kuag019 J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2026
TB-SERS analyzer: Analysis tool for tuberculosis prediction based on Raman spectroscopy with machine learning and convolutional neural network. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014397 PLoS Comput Biol 2026
Persistent Airflow Limitation in Asthma: Clinical Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Long-term Outcomes from a Multicenter Cohort Study. doi:10.2147/JAA.S603856 J Asthma Allergy 2026
Machine learning-based analysis of drug resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0352863 PLoS One 2026
Safety evaluation of pretomanid, an anti-tuberculosis drug, for the treatment of pregnant and lactating women. doi:10.1128/aac.00343-26 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2026
Incidence trends of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infections in Australia, Cambodia, Japan, Thailand, and the United States. doi:10.64898/2026.06.27.26356627 medRxiv 2026
Improving Generalizability in Whole-Cell Antibiotic Discovery Through Active Learning. doi:10.64898/2026.07.04.736489 bioRxiv 2026
TPS-Flow: Physics-Guided Flow-Based Generative Modeling of Protein Transition Paths. doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.6c00807 J Chem Inf Model 2026
Nucleosome-targeted host DNA depletion enables automated plasma metagenomic sequencing for sensitive detection of bloodstream pathogens. doi:10.1186/s12967-026-08597-x J Transl Med 2026
Rational Substitution-Driven Enhancement of Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis Activity in a Quinoline-Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide Hybrid. doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.6c00376 ACS Infect Dis 2026
Role of the PTPN22 C1858T (R263Q) variant in tuberculosis susceptibility: genetic and functional evidence from a South Asian cohort. doi:10.1186/s12920-026-02409-3 BMC Med Genomics 2026
Screening for tuberculosis in prisons: efficacy of a breath-based diagnostic approach in a high prevalence setting. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108959 Int J Infect Dis 2026
Rare emergence of delamanid resistance in multidrug-/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis patients receiving delamanid-containing regimens: a prospective multicentric study in China. doi:10.1186/s12941-025-00820-9 Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2026
Membrane protein solubilization and structure determination using de novo-designed proteins. doi:10.1126/science.adr3817 Science 2026
Gene-specific Functional Roles of MSMEG_5046 , MSMEG_0241 , and MSMEG_0232 in Pyrazinoic Acid Efflux Identified through Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat Interference. doi:10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_8_26 Int J Mycobacteriol 2026
RNA polymerase inhibitors reveal active-site motions essential for the nucleotide addition cycle. doi:10.1073/pnas.2609228123 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2026
Lipid-based nanocarriers as transformative treatment in tuberculosis: a systematic review of therapeutic efficacy. doi:10.1080/17435889.2026.2692456 Nanomedicine (Lond) 2026
ICT-enabled community engagement models for early tuberculosis detection. doi:10.1016/j.ijtb.2026.02.016 Indian J Tuberc 2026
From Species Identification to Empirical Therapy: A Machine Learning and Rule-Based Decision Support Framework for Antifungal Resistance Prediction in ICU Candida Infections. doi:10.3390/medsci14020319 Med Sci (Basel) 2026
Construction and verification of early diagnosis model of tuberculous meningitis. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2026.1829445 Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2026
CRISPRi-mediated silencing of the ABC transporter Ms_5779 compromises cell envelope integrity and impairs intracellular host lipid exploitation. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1835283 Front Microbiol 2026
Unit-specific fate and ecological drivers of antibiotic resistome in a full-scale swine wastewater treatment system. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128647 Environ Pollut 2026
Development and validation of machine-learning diagnostic models for identifying frailty in older adults with tuberculosis: a multicentre observational study protocol. doi:10.1186/s12890-026-04445-2 BMC Pulm Med 2026
Upregulation of Serum microRNA-21 as a Noninvasive Biomarker in Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Duhok, Iraq. doi:10.36519/idcm.2026.1001 Infect Dis Clin Microbiol 2026
Methyltransferase "Gating Loop" Reengineering: Reshaping Catalytic Performance through Tunnel Dynamics and Structural Flexibility. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6c03378 J Agric Food Chem 2026
Association of Diabetes Mellitus With a Shared Hyperinflammatory Immune Response in Patients With Melioidosis and Patients With Tuberculosis: An Observational Case-Control Study. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofag286 Open Forum Infect Dis 2026
LXNet: A lightweight CNN for lung disease classification from Chest X-ray with XAI-based interpretability. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0351762 PLoS One 2026
Nationwide seroprevalence of paratuberculosis in indigenous Turkish goat breeds reveals extensive herd-level circulation and breed-associated risk. doi:10.1186/s13620-026-00349-z Ir Vet J 2026
Integrating machine learning-based molecular design with experimental validation for the discovery of EGFR inhibitors in lung cancer. doi:10.1007/s11030-026-11625-z Mol Divers 2026
The stress response factor SigH mediates intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotics in Mycobacterium abscessus. doi:10.1128/spectrum.03965-25 Microbiol Spectr 2026
Risk of progression to pulmonary tuberculosis among household contacts with chest radiographic abnormalities in South Africa. doi:10.64898/2026.06.01.26354586 medRxiv 2026
TiO(2) Nanoparticles Trigger Gut-to-Gill Bacterial Translocation and Dysbiosis in Zebrafish. doi:10.3390/ijms27115036 Int J Mol Sci 2026
Discovery and functional characterization of katG mutations mediating Isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117504 Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2026
Complete genomes reveal a refined map of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetic diversity across evolutionary scales. doi:10.1038/s41467-026-73869-5 Nat Commun 2026
Revisiting multi-nodal radiomics with advanced feature learning for lymphoma classification: a multi-center study. doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ae7955 Phys Med Biol 2026
Transformer-based ensemble framework for tuberculosis treatment response prediction: multi-omics integration with clinical-grade performance. doi:10.3389/fmolb.2026.1788211 Front Mol Biosci 2026
Detection of heteroresistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using nanopore-based amplicon sequencing and adaptive sampling. doi:10.1038/s41598-026-53258-0 Sci Rep 2026
A retrospective analysis of domestic sheep and goat Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis diagnostic results from the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. doi:10.2460/ajvr.26.03.0089 Am J Vet Res 2026
Recreational drug inhalation and socioenvironmental determinants of pulmonary infection in patients with HIV: a hospital-based case control study. doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27957-2 BMC Public Health 2026
Community-engaged health outreach program contributes to health service, research, and education in rural areas. doi:10.3389/frhs.2026.1749125 Front Health Serv 2026
Engineering human RNase 7 with an eosinophil RNase segment reveals determinants of cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2026.113189 J Biol Chem 2026
Metaheuristic-Optimized Convolutional Neural Network for Automated Diagnosis of Viral Pneumonia and Tuberculosis from Chest X-Rays. doi:10.3390/diagnostics16101529 Diagnostics (Basel) 2026
Development of Isoniazid-Pyrazole Hybrids as Potential Antitubercular Agents. doi:10.3390/ijms27104385 Int J Mol Sci 2026
Construction and immunogenicity evaluation of a tuberculosis subunit vaccine based on fusion protein AP2 and novel adjuvant ASM. doi:10.1007/s00203-026-04975-7 Arch Microbiol 2026
Proton-coupled alternating access in a versatile mycobacterial Spns drug transporter. doi:10.64898/2026.05.09.724020 bioRxiv 2026
NAT2 rs1495741 and anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury in children: genetic association and risk prediction. doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1810732 Front Pharmacol 2026
Epidemiological, Spatial and Predictive Analysis of Tuberculosis-Related Mortality in the Department of Risaralda (Colombia), 2020-2024. doi:10.1111/tmi.70168 Trop Med Int Health 2026
Etiology and risk factors for lung cancer in female Asian never smokers: a systematic review. doi:10.1177/17588359261446808 Ther Adv Med Oncol 2026
Direct Conversion of Phytosterol to Testosterone via an Integrated Microbial-Enzymatic Strategy. doi:10.1002/cbdv.202503343 Chem Biodivers 2026
Immunoinflammatory biomarkers for sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: a multicenter prospective cohort study. doi:10.1186/s12979-026-00572-w Immun Ageing 2026
Scaling Up Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment: Progress and Factors Influencing Optimization - China, 2022-2025. doi:10.46234/ccdcw2026.061 China CDC Wkly 2026
MicroRNA-124-targeted recombinant Zika virus: a dual-functional and safe candidate for vaccination and oncolytic virotherapy. doi:10.1128/jvi.00208-26 J Virol 2026
Increased microbiological risks caused by extreme precipitation in a drinking water system in mountainous area: From source to tap. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142165 J Hazard Mater 2026
Aptamer-Loaded Cubosome Lipid Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Tuberculosis. doi:10.1021/acsami.6c04961 ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2026
Platelet-leucocyte interactions drive MMP-mediated tissue damage in tuberculosis. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1014205 PLoS Pathog 2026
Application of multimodal ultrasound radiomics in the diagnosis of superficial lymph node tuberculosis. doi:10.1186/s12880-026-02403-2 BMC Med Imaging 2026
Clinical data analysis research on tuberculosis based on machine learning. doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1785419 Front Med (Lausanne) 2026
Armadillo meat consumption and Hansen's disease (leprosy): a case-control study in Brazil. doi:10.1093/trstmh/trag054 Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2026
Host oxidative stress primes mycobacteria for rapid antibiotic resistance evolution. doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72496-4 Nat Commun 2026
Oral milk exosome-PLGA nanoparticles enhance anti-tuberculosis efficacy of PBTZ169 and bedaquiline. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.115641 iScience 2026
Seasonal and spatial variability of PMMoV in tropical urban wastewater-based surveillance: implications for accurate SARS-CoV-2 monitoring in Kampala, Uganda. doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27515-w BMC Public Health 2026
Rhodanine-Inspired Development of Dual-Action Mycobacterium tuberculosis Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase B Inhibitors. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6c00103 J Med Chem 2026
A review on recent advances in lipid-based drug delivery systems for tuberculosis. doi:10.22038/ijbms.2025.88836.19184 Iran J Basic Med Sci 2026
Contribution of host-related immune factors to frequency and severity of infections in lung transplant recipients. doi:10.1186/s12931-026-03685-4 Respir Res 2026
Explainable prediction of MDR/RR-TB in tuberculosis-diabetes mellitus multimorbidity: a machine learning model developed and validated in a dual-center study. doi:10.1186/s12879-026-13480-7 BMC Infect Dis 2026
Enhancing detection efficiency of RD-proteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate by biomimetic affinity chromatography coupled with LC-MS/MS. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2026.125081 J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2026
The impact of TB on the risk of bronchiectasis: a nationwide cohort study. doi:10.5588/ijtld.25.0559 Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2026
LncTUG1 Regulates miR-181a/BPIFB4 Axis to Promote COPD Inflammation. doi:10.1080/15412555.2026.2649605 COPD 2026
Predictive Analysis of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Integrating Molecular Markers, Clinical Governance, and Community-Engaged Education in Rural South Africa. doi:10.3390/diseases14040132 Diseases 2026
Quantitative Analysis of Splenic Natural Killer Cells of Mice Using Imaging Flow Cytometry. doi:10.21769/BioProtoc.5666 Bio Protoc 2026
Second-Generation Anti-Tubercular Squaramides Targeting Complex V of the Respiratory Chain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Displaying Enhanced Metabolic Stability. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c03274 J Med Chem 2026
Tyloxapol inhibits ESX-1 secretion in Mycobacterium marinum. doi:10.1128/jb.00136-26 J Bacteriol 2026
Evaluation of Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Phosphoproteomics Analysis in Mammalian and Bacterial Systems. doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c01142 J Proteome Res 2026
Systematic and quantitative analyses of hollow fiber model of Mycobacterium abscessus lung disease studies and new dosing recommendations. doi:10.1128/spectrum.03296-25 Microbiol Spectr 2026
Global and regional trends in multidrug- or rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis, 2000-2024 with forecasts to 2030: a systematic review and meta-analysis. doi:10.1186/s12879-026-13313-7 BMC Infect Dis 2026
Growth-rate dependent response of mycobacteria to relief of inhibition by a bacteriostatic antibiotic. doi:10.1093/femsle/fnag048 FEMS Microbiol Lett 2026
Temporal Knowledge Discovery in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Decade-Long Machine Learning Analysis From Egyptian Clinical Data. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106425 Int J Med Inform 2026
Development and internal validation of a LASSO-based clinical prediction model for nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease versus pulmonary tuberculosis. doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1785899 Front Med (Lausanne) 2026
Integrative transcriptomic meta-analysis reveals conserved transcriptional signatures and predictive biomarkers for active tuberculosis: a pathway-based machine learning approach. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1757941 Front Microbiol 2026
Exposure to the Four First-Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs and Treatment Outcomes: A Target Trial Emulation Study in Ghana. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9255541/v1 Res Sq 2026
RNA polymerase inhibitors reveal active-site motions essential for the nucleotide-addition cycle. doi:10.64898/2026.04.06.716786 bioRxiv 2026
Incidence, risk factors, and mortality impact of chronic kidney disease in middle-aged Finns: a 22-year population-based cohort study. doi:10.1186/s12882-026-04970-6 BMC Nephrol 2026
Risk Factors and Geospatial Associations With Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Infection and IgG Seroprevalence: Nigeria, 2018. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiag098 J Infect Dis 2026
BRMDA: prediction model for potential microbe-drug associations based on bilinear attention networks and random forest. doi:10.3389/fgene.2026.1757318 Front Genet 2026
Engineering High-Performance Aptamers via Optimized SELEX and Structure-Guided Dimer Assembly for Clinical Malaria Diagnostics. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.6c00265 Anal Chem 2026
Cooperative engineering of distal and proximal domains in L-alanine dehydrogenase breaks activity-stability trade-off for efficient hydroxypyruvic acid synthesis. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.151855 Int J Biol Macromol 2026
Identification of the C9-hydrogenase for 9,17-dioxo-1,2,3,4,10,19-hexanorandrostan-5-oic acid (9,17-DOHNA) and the 7α-dehydratase essential for initiating β-oxidation of the B-, C-, and D-rings in steroid degradation by Comamonas testosteroni TA441. doi:10.1128/aem.02331-25 Appl Environ Microbiol 2026
A meta-proteomics approach using autopsy material from the pre-antibiotic era from patients with untreated pulmonary tuberculosis to identify proteins present in early lesions of post-primary tuberculosis. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0345052 PLoS One 2026
Sodium Alendronate-Modified PLGA-mPEG Nanomicelles Loaded with Rifapentine for Targeted Delivery to Bone Tissue. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics18030352 Pharmaceutics 2026
Improving Tree-Based Lung Disease Classification from Chest X-Ray Images Using Deep Feature Representations. doi:10.3390/bioengineering13030267 Bioengineering (Basel) 2026
Enhanced whole-cell biotransformation of carboxylic acid reductase enzymes via tandem expression of phosphopantetheinyl transferase. doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2026.110854 Enzyme Microb Technol 2026
Importance of Contact Tracing in the Management of Pediatric Tuberculosis in Some Diagnostic and Treatment Centers of the Centre Region of Cameroon. doi:10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_217_25 Int J Mycobacteriol 2026
Multidisciplinary management of refractory Kawasaki disease with bilateral giant coronary artery aneurysms and latent tuberculosis infection: a case report focusing on immune-coagulation-infection crosstalk. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1796288 Front Immunol 2026
Structural basis of Mycobacterium Fluoroquinolone Resistance Protein D (MfpD), a versatile pathogeny protein from the mfp conservon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709265 bioRxiv 2026
Laboratory and functional tests in leprosy diagnosis: a practical guide for clinical decision-making. doi:10.1016/j.abd.2026.501297 An Bras Dermatol 2026
Identification of tuberculosis transmission hotspots in urban China using surveillance data: a machine learning approach based on genomic and spatial analysis. doi:10.1186/s12879-026-13018-x BMC Infect Dis 2026
Development of a point-of-care dual one-step recombinase-aided PCR assay for rapid identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA mutations conferring fluoroquinolone resistance. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1772984 Front Microbiol 2026
Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: a nationwide cost analysis of healthcare costs, foregone earnings and public benefits in a universal healthcare setting. doi:10.1183/23120541.00870-2025 ERJ Open Res 2026
Gender and other intersecting factors in antimicrobial resistance for infectious diseases of poverty: a systematic evidence gap analysis in low- and lower-middle-income countries. doi:10.1186/s12889-026-26990-5 BMC Public Health 2026
Quercetin's Multifaceted Role in Alzheimer's Disease, Melanoma, and Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review with Preclinical Insights. doi:10.2174/0113816128404554251209100242 Curr Pharm Des 2026
Immunogenicity Enhancement via Self-Assembled mi3 Nanoparticles Displaying ESAT-6 Antigen. doi:10.2147/IJN.S558312 Int J Nanomedicine 2026
Integrated multi-omics profiling reveals immune-related biomarkers and regulatory networks for early prediction of tuberculosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1755184 Front Immunol 2026
Unravelling the complexity of the interactions among VACCIMEL, BCG and blood monocytes. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1731270 Front Immunol 2026
Machine-Learning-Derived, Mechanistically Informed Transcriptomic Signature to Diagnose Active Tuberculosis and Guide Host-Directed Therapy. doi:10.3390/diagnostics16050693 Diagnostics (Basel) 2026
Vitreous transcriptomic profiling reveals miR-4762 as a potential diagnostic biomarker and modulator of disease pathophysiology in Tubercular Uveitis. doi:10.1016/j.tube.2026.102752 Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2026
Integrated multiomics profiling predicts anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury. doi:10.1186/s12931-026-03608-3 Respir Res 2026
Human iPSC-derived alveolar macrophages reveal macrophage subtype functions of itaconate in M. tuberculosis defense. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.198342 JCI Insight 2026
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Isoxazole analogs of curcuminoids with highly potent multidrug-resistant antimycobacterial activity. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.07.003 Eur J Med Chem 2010
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Elucidation of the functional metal binding profile of a Cd(II)/Pb(II) sensor CmtR(Sc) from Streptomyces coelicolor. doi:10.1021/bi100490u Biochemistry 2010
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Malaria exacerbates experimental mycobacterial infection in vitro and in vivo. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2010.05.013 Microbes Infect 2010
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The reduction of tuberculosis risks by smoking cessation. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-156 BMC Infect Dis 2010
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Intervening in global markets to improve access to HIV/AIDS treatment: an analysis of international policies and the dynamics of global antiretroviral medicines markets. doi:10.1186/1744-8603-6-9 Global Health 2010
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Improved mycobacterial tetracycline inducible vectors. doi:10.1016/j.plasmid.2010.04.003 Plasmid 2010
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Crystal structure of the intermediate complex of the arginine repressor from Mycobacterium tuberculosis bound with its DNA operator reveals detailed mechanism of arginine repression. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.03.065 J Mol Biol 2010
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The SigF regulon in Mycobacterium smegmatis reveals roles in adaptation to stationary phase, heat, and oxidative stress. doi:10.1128/JB.00035-10 J Bacteriol 2010
Optimization of a whole blood gamma interferon assay for the detection of sheep infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. doi:10.1177/104063871002200206 J Vet Diagn Invest 2010
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Efflux-pump-derived multiple drug resistance to ethambutol monotherapy in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ethambutol. doi:10.1086/651377 J Infect Dis 2010
Unusual conformation of the SxN motif in the crystal structure of penicillin-binding protein A from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.02.046 J Mol Biol 2010
Functional and kinetic analysis of the phosphotransferase CapP conferring selective self-resistance to capuramycin antibiotics. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.104141 J Biol Chem 2010
Paradigm redux--Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-macrophage interactions show clear variations between bovine and human physiological body temperatures. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2010.02.002 Microb Pathog 2010
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The molecular structure of ornithine acetyltransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis bound to ornithine, a competitive inhibitor. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.02.018 J Mol Biol 2010
Nucleophile specificity in anthranilate synthase, aminodeoxychorismate synthase, isochorismate synthase, and salicylate synthase. doi:10.1021/bi100021x Biochemistry 2010
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Interleukin-10 inhibits Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-induced macrophage cytotoxicity against bladder cancer cells. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04105.x Clin Exp Immunol 2010
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Novel molecular hybrids of cinnamic acids and guanylhydrazones as potential antitubercular agents. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.031 Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010
Structure of translation initiation factor 1 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and inferred binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2010.01.051 FEBS Lett 2010
Incidence of tuberculosis after HAART initiation in a cohort of HIV-positive patients in Burkina Faso. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010
Vaccination with a potent DNA vaccine targeting B-cell epitopes of hGRP induces prophylactic and therapeutic antitumor activity in vivo. doi:10.1038/gt.2009.165 Gene Ther 2010
Last step in the conversion of trehalose to glycogen: a mycobacterial enzyme that transfers maltose from maltose 1-phosphate to glycogen. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.033944 J Biol Chem 2010
Joint effect of MCP-1 genotype GG and MMP-1 genotype 2G/2G increases the likelihood of developing pulmonary tuberculosis in BCG-vaccinated individuals. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008881 PLoS One 2010
Infection with Helicobacter pylori is associated with protection against tuberculosis. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008804 PLoS One 2010
Which population level environmental factors are associated with asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema? Review of the ecological analyses of ISAAC Phase One. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-11-8 Respir Res 2010
Comparison of test performance and evaluation of novel immunoassays for tuberculosis in a captive herd of wood bison naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-46.1.78 J Wildl Dis 2010
New susceptibility breakpoints for first-line antituberculosis drugs based on antimicrobial pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic science and population pharmacokinetic variability. doi:10.1128/AAC.01474-09 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010
Triazaspirodimethoxybenzoyls as selective inhibitors of mycobacterial lipoamide dehydrogenase . doi:10.1021/bi9016186 Biochemistry 2010
Glucose 6-phosphate accumulation in mycobacteria: implications for a novel F420-dependent anti-oxidant defense system. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.074310 J Biol Chem 2010
An extracellular disulfide bond forming protein (DsbF) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: structural, biochemical, and gene expression analysis. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2009.12.060 J Mol Biol 2010
2,4-Diamino-5-methyl-6-substituted arylthio-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as novel classical and nonclassical antifolates as potential dual thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2009.11.029 Bioorg Med Chem 2010
Expression profiling reveals differences in immuno-inflammatory gene expression between the two disease forms of sheep paratuberculosis. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.11.015 Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010
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Rates and mechanisms of resistance development in Mycobacterium tuberculosis to a novel diarylquinoline ATP synthase inhibitor. doi:10.1128/AAC.01611-09 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010
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Drug-resistant tuberculosis epidemic in the Western Cape driven by a virulent Beijing genotype strain. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010
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Tuberculosis in asymptomatic HIV-infected adults with abnormal chest radiographs screened for tuberculosis prevention. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010
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Synergistic effects of UdgB and Ung in mutation prevention and protection against commonly encountered DNA damaging agents in Mycobacterium smegmatis. doi:10.1099/mic.0.034363-0 Microbiology (Reading) 2010
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Synthesis and structure-activity studies of biphenyl analogues of the tuberculosis drug (6S)-2-nitro-6-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine (PA-824). doi:10.1021/jm901207n J Med Chem 2010
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Characterization of the mycobacterial AdnAB DNA motor provides insights into the evolution of bacterial motor-nuclease machines. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.076133 J Biol Chem 2010
STAT3, p38 MAPK, and NF-kappaB drive unopposed monocyte-dependent fibroblast MMP-1 secretion in tuberculosis. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2009-0211OC Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010
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Expression and molecular characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis PII protein. doi:10.1093/jb/mvp174 J Biochem 2010
Synthesis and biological evaluation of biguanide and dihydrotriazine derivatives as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase of opportunistic microorganisms. doi:10.3109/14756360903179443 J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010
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Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1128/AAC.01288-09 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010
In silico structure-based design of a novel class of potent and selective small peptide inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Dihydrofolate reductase, a potential target for anti-TB drug discovery. doi:10.1007/s11030-009-9172-6 Mol Divers 2010
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A novel and more sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay targeting IS6110 for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2009.05.001 Microbiol Res 2010
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Risk of lung cancer following nonmalignant respiratory conditions among nonsmoking women living in Shenyang, Northeast China. doi:10.1089/jwh.2008.1355 J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2009
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Overexpression of the chromosomally encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase eis confers kanamycin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907925106 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009
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Mycobacterial cytochrome p450 125 (cyp125) catalyzes the terminal hydroxylation of c27 steroids. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.072132 J Biol Chem 2009
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Strong impact on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading community of a PAH-polluted soil but marginal effect on PAH degradation when priming with bioremediated soil dominated by mycobacteria. doi:10.1128/AEM.02236-06 Appl Environ Microbiol 2007
Porins are required for uptake of phosphates by Mycobacterium smegmatis. doi:10.1128/JB.01600-06 J Bacteriol 2007
Monocyte-astrocyte networks regulate matrix metalloproteinase gene expression and secretion in central nervous system tuberculosis in vitro and in vivo. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.2.1199 J Immunol 2007
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The stability of mRNA encoding IL-4 is increased in pulmonary tuberculosis, while stability of mRNA encoding the antagonistic splice variant, IL-4delta2, is not. doi:10.1016/j.tube.2006.11.001 Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007
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The solution structure of antigen MPT64 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis defines a new family of beta-grasp proteins. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.11.039 J Mol Biol 2007
X-ray crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis beta-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase II (mtKasB). doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.11.006 J Mol Biol 2007
The crystal structure of Rv0813c from Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals a new family of fatty acid-binding protein-like proteins in bacteria. doi:10.1128/JB.01435-06 J Bacteriol 2007
Low prevalence of TB on long-haul aircraft. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.03.003 Travel Med Infect Dis 2007
IFNgamma synergizes with IL-1beta to up-regulate MMP-9 secretion in a cellular model of central nervous system tuberculosis. doi:10.1096/fj.06-6925com FASEB J 2007
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CsoR is a novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis copper-sensing transcriptional regulator. doi:10.1038/nchembio844 Nat Chem Biol 2007
Expression of the major porin gene mspA is regulated in Mycobacterium smegmatis. doi:10.1128/JB.01474-06 J Bacteriol 2007
Validation of endogenous reference genes for expression profiling of RAW264.7 cells infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by quantitative PCR. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.10.007 Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007
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Nanomolar inhibition of type II dehydroquinase based on the enolate reaction mechanism. doi:10.1002/cmdc.200600194 ChemMedChem 2007
Oral vaccination of mice with lipid-encapsulated Mycobacterium bovis BCG: Effect of reducing or eliminating BCG load on cell-mediated immunity. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.088 Vaccine 2007
The structure and computational analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein CitE suggest a novel enzymatic function. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.09.086 J Mol Biol 2007
The risk of disseminated Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) disease in HIV-infected children. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.020 Vaccine 2007
Pravastatin reverses the down-regulating effect of inflammation on beta-adrenergic receptors: a disease-drug interaction between inflammation, pravastatin, and propranolol. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2006.06.009 Vascul Pharmacol 2007
The acid-induced operon Rv3083-Rv3089 is required for growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages. doi:10.1016/j.tube.2006.01.021 Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007
Impact of joined-up HIV harm reduction and multidrug resistant tuberculosis control programmes in Estonia: System dynamics simulation model. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2006.05.021 Health Policy 2007
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Stabilizing effects of calcium alginate microspheres on Mycobacterium bovis BCG intended for oral vaccination. doi:10.1080/02652040601034013 J Microencapsul 2006
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Structural diversity in the six-fold redundant set of acyl-CoA carboxyltransferases in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.11.054 names it FEBS Lett 2006
Biochemical and structural characterization of the secreted chorismate mutase (Rv1885c) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv: an *AroQ enzyme not regulated by the aromatic amino acids. doi:10.1128/JB.00441-06 J Bacteriol 2006
Cloning, expression, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a pentapeptide-repeat protein (Rfr23) from the bacterium Cyanothece 51142. doi:10.1107/S174430910604663X Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006
The molecular structure of Rv1873, a conserved hypothetical protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, at 1.38 A resolution. doi:10.1107/S1744309106046902 Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006
Structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis thioredoxin C. doi:10.1107/S0907444906038212 Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2006
Male circumcision, religion, and infectious diseases: an ecologic analysis of 118 developing countries. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-172 BMC Infect Dis 2006
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Characterization of two potentially universal turn motifs that shape the repeated five-residues fold--crystal structure of a lumenal pentapeptide repeat protein from Cyanothece 51142. doi:10.1110/ps.062407506 names it Protein Sci 2006
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Pyrrolidine carboxamides as a novel class of inhibitors of enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1021/jm060715y J Med Chem 2006
Functional analysis of DNA gyrase mutant enzymes carrying mutations at position 88 in the A subunit found in clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to fluoroquinolones. doi:10.1128/AAC.00944-06 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006
Roles of Asp75, Asp78, and Glu83 of GTP-dependent phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. doi:10.1074/jbc.M602591200 J Biol Chem 2006
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Novel non-classical C9-methyl-5-substituted-2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase and as anti-opportunistic agents. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.008 Bioorg Med Chem 2006
Tuberculosis of the aryepiglottic fold and sinus pyriformis: a rare entity. names it Mt Sinai J Med 2006
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Crystal structure of uncleaved L-aspartate-alpha-decarboxylase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1002/prot.21126 Proteins 2006
Activity of 7-methyljuglone in combination with antituberculous drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2006.08.001 Phytomedicine 2006
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CD27 contributes to the early systemic immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection but does not affect outcome. doi:10.1093/intimm/dxl086 Int Immunol 2006
Structure and function of Rv0130, a conserved hypothetical protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1110/ps.062309306 Protein Sci 2006
Isolation of high-affinity single-chain antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis surface proteins from sheep with Johne's disease. doi:10.1128/CVI.00163-06 Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006
Transformation of the antibacterial agent norfloxacin by environmental mycobacteria. doi:10.1128/AEM.03032-05 Appl Environ Microbiol 2006
Direct evidence for a glutamate switch necessary for substrate recognition: crystal structures of lysine epsilon-aminotransferase (Rv3290c) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.08.019 J Mol Biol 2006
Tetracycline-inducible gene expression in mycobacteria within an animal host using modified Streptomyces tcp830 regulatory elements. doi:10.1007/s00203-006-0160-2 Arch Microbiol 2006
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A combined DNA vaccine-prime, BCG-boost strategy results in better protection against Mycobacterium bovis challenge. doi:10.1089/dna.2006.25.438 DNA Cell Biol 2006
Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces interleukin-32 production through a caspase- 1/IL-18/interferon-gamma-dependent mechanism. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030277 PLoS Med 2006
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Peptide aMptD-mediated capture PCR for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bulk milk samples. doi:10.1128/AEM.00590-06 Appl Environ Microbiol 2006
Functional and structural characterization of a thiol peroxidase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.05.076 J Mol Biol 2006
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First functional characterization of a singly expressed bacterial type II topoisomerase: the enzyme from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.017 Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006
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Crystal structure and activity studies of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis beta-lactamase reveal its critical role in resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. doi:10.1128/AAC.00320-06 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006
Inactivation of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells during early mycobacterial infection increases cytokine production but does not affect pathogen load. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1711.2006.01460.x Immunol Cell Biol 2006
Burden of tuberculosis in an antiretroviral treatment programme in sub-Saharan Africa: impact on treatment outcomes and implications for tuberculosis control. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000238406.93249.cd AIDS 2006
Prospects for advancing tuberculosis control efforts through novel therapies. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030273 PLoS Med 2006
Optimal sampling strategies for early pharmacodynamic measures in tuberculosis. doi:10.1093/jac/dkl272 J Antimicrob Chemother 2006
Insight through molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area calculations into the binding affinity of triclosan and three analogues for FabI, the E. coli enoyl reductase. doi:10.1021/jm060222t J Med Chem 2006
Role of the His57-Glu214 ionic couple located in the active site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis FprA. doi:10.1021/bi060369m Biochemistry 2006
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Oxygen binding and NO scavenging properties of truncated hemoglobin, HbN, of Mycobacterium smegmatis. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.06.037 FEBS Lett 2006
Bayesian estimation of sensitivity and specificity of serum ELISA and faecal culture for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in Greek dairy sheep and goats. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.04.006 Prev Vet Med 2006
PE_PGRS proteins are differentially expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in host tissues. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2006.03.015 Microbes Infect 2006
Characterization of a two-gene operon epeRA involved in multidrug resistance in Streptomyces clavuligerus. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2005.12.008 Res Microbiol 2006
The 1.9 A resolution structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, a potential drug target. doi:10.1107/S0907444906019196 Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2006
Impaired generation of reactive oxygen species during differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs) by Mycobacterium tuberculosis secretory antigen (MTSA) and subsequent activation of MTSA-DCs by mycobacteria results in increased intracellular survival. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.468 J Immunol 2006
Gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from Mycobacterium bovis infected cattle after in vitro antigenic stimulation with purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD). doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.04.012 Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006
Oral poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle based antituberculosis drug delivery: toxicological and chemotherapeutic implications. Indian J Exp Biol 2006
Chemotherapeutic efficacy of nanoparticle encapsulated antitubercular drugs. doi:10.1080/10717540500398076 Drug Deliv 2006
Overexpression, purification and crystallization of lysine epsilon-aminotransferase (Rv3290c) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. doi:10.1107/S1744309106016824 Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006
Effect of growth in biofilms on chlorine susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. doi:10.1128/AEM.02573-05 Appl Environ Microbiol 2006
Trans-cyclopropanation of mycolic acids on trehalose dimycolate suppresses Mycobacterium tuberculosis -induced inflammation and virulence. doi:10.1172/JCI27335 J Clin Invest 2006
NADP+ expels both the co-factor and a substrate analog from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ThyX active site: opportunities for anti-bacterial drug design. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.04.061 J Mol Biol 2006
Synthesis and in vitro antimycobacterial activity of N1-nicotinoyl-3-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methyl phenyl)-5-[(sub)phenyl]-2-pyrazolines. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.024 Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006
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Alcohol and drug use disorders, HIV status and drug resistance in a sample of Russian TB patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006
Invariance and variability in bacterial PanK: a study based on the crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PanK. doi:10.1107/S0907444906012728 Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2006
Structural and functional analysis of Rv3214 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a protein with conflicting functional annotations, leads to its characterization as a phosphatase. doi:10.1128/JB.188.10.3589-3599.2006 J Bacteriol 2006
Association of NRAMP 1 gene polymorphism with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Taiwanese aboriginals. doi:10.1016/S0929-6646(09)60131-5 J Formos Med Assoc 2006
Identification of the binding region of the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin in stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase: insight into the catalytic complex and mechanism of action. doi:10.1021/bi0600547 Biochemistry 2006
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Hydrogen peroxide-mediated isoniazid activation catalyzed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase (KatG) and its S315T mutant. doi:10.1021/bi051967o Biochemistry 2006
High-sensitivity bacterial detection using biotin-tagged phage and quantum-dot nanocomplexes. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601211103 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006
Are official reports sufficient? Official registration rates of patients with tuberculosis in Sivas, Middle Anatolia. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2005.12.006 Public Health 2006
The fadD2 gene is required for efficient Mycobacterium avium invasion of mucosal epithelial cells. doi:10.1086/501469 J Infect Dis 2006
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LppX is a lipoprotein required for the translocation of phthiocerol dimycocerosates to the surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601048 EMBO J 2006
Burden of injury during the complex political emergency in northern Uganda. Can J Surg 2006
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Myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88) is essential for control of primary in vivo Francisella tularensis LVS infection, but not for control of intra-macrophage bacterial replication. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2005.09.014 Microbes Infect 2006
Impact of HIV infection on the epidemiology of tuberculosis in a peri-urban community in South Africa: the need for age-specific interventions. doi:10.1086/501018 Clin Infect Dis 2006
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Elevated serum CCL2 concomitant with a reduced mycobacterium-induced response leads to disease dissemination in leprosy. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01733.x Scand J Immunol 2006
Intranasal IFNgamma extends passive IgA antibody protection of mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis lung infection. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03012.x Clin Exp Immunol 2006
Vocal fold paralysis as a sign of chest diseases: a 15-year retrospective study. doi:10.1007/s00268-005-7959-x names it World J Surg 2006
Delayed cutaneous wound healing in mice lacking solute carrier 11a1 (formerly Nramp1): correlation with decreased expression of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700182 J Invest Dermatol 2006
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Purification and characterization of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase of Mycobacterium smegmatis. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a132634 J Biochem 1979
Scanning electron microscopy of the subarachnoid space in the dog: evidence for a non-hematogenous origin of subarachnoid macrophages. doi:10.1002/aja.1001560203 Am J Anat 1979
Scanning electron microscopy of epiplexus macrophages responding to challenge by bacillus Calmette-Guerin. doi:10.1007/BF00690545 Acta Neuropathol 1979
Comparison of the efficiency of two doses of bovine PPD tuberculin in single caudal fold tests on Australian cattle. names it Aust Vet J 1979
Purification and properties of valyl-tRNA synthetase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. doi:10.1016/0005-2744(79)90292-4 Biochim Biophys Acta 1979
COMPARISON OF THE EFFICIENCY OF TWO DOSES OF BOVINE PPD TUBERCULIN IN SINGLE CAUDAL FOLD TESTS ON AUSTRALIAN CATTLE. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1979.tb00390.x names it Aust Vet J 1979
Purification, properties, and cytotoxic effect of a bacteriocin from Mycobacterium smegmatis. doi:10.1128/AAC.15.4.504 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1979
[Bowen disease of the nail apparatus. Report of 5 cases and review of the 20 cases of the literature (author's transl)]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1979
The variable response of bacteria to excess ferric iron in host tissues. doi:10.1099/00222615-12-1-17 J Med Microbiol 1979
Restoration of T-cell responsiveness by thymosin: expression of anti-tuberculous immunity in mouse lungs. doi:10.1128/iai.23.2.330-335.1979 Infect Immun 1979
Chemical Destruction of Mycobacterium bovis in Milk. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-42.1.55 J Food Prot 1979
[Steroid-transforming enzymes from microorganisms. X. Enrichment of a 4-en-3-oxosteroid-5 alpha-reductase from Mycobacterium smegmatis as well as separation and enrichment of the apoenzyme by means of affinity chromatography]. Z Allg Mikrobiol 1979
A solid-phase radioimmunoassay to detect anti-tuberculin antibodies in the guinea pig. doi:10.1159/000232176 Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1979
[Nutritional status and health status of under-fives of the Mentawai island Sipora (Indonesia) (author's transl)]. Tropenmed Parasitol 1978
Effect of repeated injections of iron dextran on the haematological, serological and pathological changes in experimental avian tuberculosis. Res Vet Sci 1978
Lymphocyte response of leprosy patients to human-derived and purified armadillo-derived Mycobacterium leprae, BCG and PPD. Clin Exp Immunol 1978
Further characterization of Mycobacterium ulcerans toxin. doi:10.1128/iai.21.1.124-128.1978 Infect Immun 1978
Increased bone marrow production of granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes induced by mycobacterial adjuvants: improved recovery of leukopoiesis in mice after cyclophosphamide treatment. doi:10.1128/iai.20.1.58-65.1978 Infect Immun 1978
Bacille Calmette-Guérin infection in the mouse. Regulation of macrophage plasminogen activator by T lymphocytes and specific antigen. doi:10.1084/jem.147.4.1175 J Exp Med 1978
[Catalases of mycobacteria as antigens. I. Isolation, purification and characterization of catalases from different mycobacteria (author's transl)]. Z Erkr Atmungsorgane 1978
Long-term therapy with rifampin and the secondary antibody response to killed influenza vaccine. doi:10.1164/arrd.1978.117.3.605 Am Rev Respir Dis 1978
Impact of anti-tuberculosis legislation in Libya on the prevalence of primary and acquired resistance to the three main drugs at a majortuberculosis centre. doi:10.1016/0041-3879(77)90021-6 Tubercle 1978
Mode of immunopotentiating action of BCG: macrophage activation produced by BCG-infection. Jpn J Exp Med 1978
[Changes in the cellular elements of the thymus gland in experimental destructive pulmonary tuberculosis]. Arkh Patol 1978
Purification and properties of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium phlei ATCC354. doi:10.1099/00221287-104-1-123 J Gen Microbiol 1978
In vitro stimulation of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes: suppression of phytomitogen and specific antigen lymphocyte responses by aflatoxin. Am J Vet Res 1977
Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) infection of the lymph nodes of normal, immune, and cortisone-treated guinea pigs. doi:10.1093/jnci/59.5.1527 J Natl Cancer Inst 1977
Differentiation of catalases in Mycobacterium phlei on the basis of susceptibility to isoniazid: association with peroxidase and acquired resistance to isoniazid. doi:10.1128/AAC.12.4.529 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1977
The use of bovine PPD tuberculin in the single caudal fold test to detect tuberculosis in beef cattle. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1977.tb05502.x names it Aust Vet J 1977
Mycobacterium smegmatis fatty acid synthetase. Polysaccharide stimulation of the rate-limiting step. J Biol Chem 1977
Imported diseases: an assessment of trends. Can Med Assoc J 1977
Purification and properties of a triacylglycerol lipase from Mycobacterium phlei. doi:10.1016/0005-2760(77)90212-0 Biochim Biophys Acta 1977
The use of bovine PPD tuberculin the single caudal fold test to detect tuberculosis in beef cattle. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1977.tb00187.x names it Aust Vet J 1977
Effects of methanol extraction residue of Bacillus calmette-Guérin in humans. Cancer Res 1977
Scanning electron microscopy of the subarachnoid space in the dog. V. Macrophages challenged by bacillus Calmette-Guerin. doi:10.1002/cne.901720302 J Comp Neurol 1977
Immobilized ACP and electrofocusing used to purify the palmityl-CoA-ACP-transacylase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. doi:10.1016/s0300-9084(77)80082-5 Biochimie 1977
Acedapsone treatment of leprosy patients: response versus drug disposition. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.127 Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977
Polyphosphate-glucose phosphotransferase. Purification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra enzyme to apparent homogeneity. Acta Biochim Pol 1977
Superoxide dismutase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a131407 J Biochem 1976
Transmission of tubercle bacilli: The effects of chemotherapy. doi:10.1016/s0041-3879(76)80006-2 Tubercle 1976
Dapsone chemotherapy of Mycobacterium leprae infection of the neonatally thymectomized Lewis rat. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1976.25.854 Am J Trop Med Hyg 1976
Purification of soluble human melanoma-associated antigens. Cancer Res 1976
Purification and properties of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV. doi:10.1016/0005-2787(76)90040-x Biochim Biophys Acta 1976
Ultraviolet susceptibility of BCG and virulent tubercle bacilli. doi:10.1164/arrd.1976.113.4.413 Am Rev Respir Dis 1976
Partial purification of a serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.2.381 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976
[Chondroma of the vocal fold in a male patient with tuberculosis]. names it Probl Tuberk 1976
Studies on the immunogical effects of BCG and its components: theoritical and therapeutic implications. Biomedicine 1976
Presence of two forms of palmityl-CoA-ACP-transacylase in homogenates of Mycobacterium smegmatis, purification using the monomer-polymer interconvertibility. doi:10.1016/s0300-9084(76)80388-4 Biochimie 1976
Elevation of angiotensin-converting enzyme in granulomatous lymph nodes and serum in sarcoidosis: clinical and possible pathogenic significance. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb47062.x Ann N Y Acad Sci 1976
Purification and properties of L-asparaginase from Mycobacterium phlei. Acta Biochim Pol 1976
Stimulation of lymphoid cells by components of BCG. doi:10.1093/jnci/55.6.1337 J Natl Cancer Inst 1975
Effect of thymectomy and antilymphocyte serum on Mycobacterium leprae infection in mice. doi:10.1128/iai.12.4.733-737.1975 Infect Immun 1975
[Effect of tuberculosis infection and antibacterial preparations on thiamine metabolism]. Vopr Med Khim 1975
Energy-transducing membrane-bound coupling factor-ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei. I. Purification, homogeneity, and properties. J Biol Chem 1975
Inhibition of the primary lesion of adjuvant. induced polyarthritis in rats (18-hour arthritis test) for specific detection of clinically effective anti-arthritic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1975
The indirect fluorescent antibody test for the detection of circulating antibodies in bovine tuberculosis. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1975.tb06929.x Aust Vet J 1975
Lesions and tuberculin sensitivity in calves inoculated with group III mycobacterial isolates from swine, pen soil, and cattle feed. Am J Vet Res 1975
Comparison of the specificty of human and bovine tuberculin PPD for testing cattle. 1--Republic of Ireland. doi:10.1136/vr.96.15.332 Vet Rec 1975
[Model of eradication of tuberculosis in children in an area with high epidemiological potential]. Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Pneumoftiziol 1975
[Asparagine metabolism in mycobacteria. II. -- Asparagine hydrolysis and aspartohydroxamic acid formation and hydrolysis catalysed by M. fortuitum, M. phlei and BCG asparaginases (author's transl)]. Ann Microbiol (Paris) 1975
[Purification of microbial asparaginases by the aid of affinity chromatography]. Biokhimiia 1975
Purification and properties of membrane-bound coupling factor-latent ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei. doi:10.1002/jss.400030305 J Supramol Struct 1975
Energetics (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) of Mycobacterium lepraremurium in diffusion chambers incubated in vitro and in mice. doi:10.1128/iai.8.6.907-910.1973 Infect Immun 1973
Behavior of Mycobacterium leprae in human macrophages in vitro. doi:10.1128/iai.8.3.446-449.1973 Infect Immun 1973
Lysosomal phospholipase A 1 and A 2 of normal and bacillus calmette guerin-induced alveolar macrophages. doi:10.1083/jcb.56.3.621 J Cell Biol 1973
Levels of glycogen and trehalose in Mycobacterium smegmatis and the purification and properties of the glycogen synthetase. doi:10.1128/jb.113.2.863-873.1973 J Bacteriol 1973
Purification and properties of the adenosine diphosphate-glucose and uridine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylases of Mycobacterium smegmatis: inhibition and activation of the adenosine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase. doi:10.1128/jb.112.1.327-336.1972 J Bacteriol 1972
Metabolism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in human and bovine strainsof Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1128/jb.110.2.600-603.1972 J Bacteriol 1972
Salmonellosis in orally infected specific pathogen-free C57B1 mice. doi:10.1128/iai.5.2.191-198.1972 Infect Immun 1972
Tuberculosis returns to the fold. names it Can Med Assoc J 1971
Partial purification and properties of a highly specific trehalose phosphate phosphatase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. doi:10.1128/jb.107.1.217-222.1971 J Bacteriol 1971
Fatty acid synthetase activity in Mycobacterium phlei: regulation by polysaccharides. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.1.87 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971
The influence of adjuvants on the immunological response of the chicken. II. Effects of Freund's complete adjuvant on later antibody production after a single injection of immunogen. Immunology 1970
Purification of a D-mannose isomerase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. doi:10.1128/jb.101.3.777-780.1970 J Bacteriol 1970
The health of the Navy: the changing pattern. doi:10.1136/oem.26.3.190 Br J Ind Med 1969
Specificity of Acquired Resistance Produced by Immunization with Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria Fractions. doi:10.1128/jb.97.1.121-126.1969 J Bacteriol 1969
"Don't fold, staple or mutilate". names it J Occup Med 1968
Growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages. doi:10.1128/jb.93.3.1119-1131.1967 J Bacteriol 1967
Lysed BCG vaccines. 1. Observations on optimal conditions for BCG growth and lysis. Bull World Health Organ 1967
Peroxidatic activity of mycobacteria and relation to catalase. doi:10.1128/jb.92.2.413-417.1966 J Bacteriol 1966
[The four-fold treatment of serious forms of pulmonary tuberculosis]. names it Sem Ther 1966
Action of microorganisms on bituminous materials. I. Effect of bacteria on asphalt viscosity. doi:10.1128/am.13.6.838-841.1965 Appl Microbiol 1965
Kinetics of Utilization of Organic Compounds in the Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. doi:10.1128/jb.90.1.157-163.1965 J Bacteriol 1965
A dialysable fraction from tuberculin-sensitive human white blood cells capable of inducing tuberculin-delayed hypersensitivity in nagative recipients. Immunology 1965
Hyperreactivity to endotoxin in mice infected with mycobacteria. Induction and elicitation of the reactions. Immunology 1961
THE EXPERIMENTAL DISEASE THAT FOLLOWS THE INJECTION OF HUMAN LEPROSY BACILLI INTO FOOT-PADS OF MICE. doi:10.1084/jem.112.3.445 J Exp Med 1960
The influence of components of M. tuberculosis and other Mycobacteria upon antibody production to ovalbumin. Immunology 1958
Studies on antibody production. IV. The role of a wax fraction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in adjuvant emulsions on the production of antibody to egg albumin. doi:10.1084/jem.102.1.83 J Exp Med 1955
[Symptom of thickened cutaneous fold (Aleksandrov's symptom); history of teaching on osteoarticular tuberculosis]. names it Probl Tuberk 1954
A means of increasing the tuberculostatic effect of known chemotherapeutic agents. doi:10.1084/jem.88.2.189 J Exp Med 1948
Extensive Tuberculosis of the Epiglottis, left Ary-epiglottic Fold, and Left Inter-arytænoid Space, in a Gentleman aged 47, completely healed by the Galvano-cautery and Sanatorium Treatment. doi:10.1177/003591571000300607 names it Proc R Soc Med 1910

Title+abstract index only: a paper that names this gene solely in its body text, a figure legend or a supplement is invisible here. That is why this list sits beside the curated layer rather than replacing it - Rv0007's characterisation, found by a full-text sweep, returns zero in this one. Absence from this list is not absence from the literature. Source: PubMed E-utilities sweep (esearch + esummary), every alias of the gene searched in conjunction with a mycobacterial context term; ambiguous common-word aliases excluded. phase198, 2026-09-06.

This layer CITES the literature and adds context; it does not change the verdict or the function stated elsewhere in this fiche. This distinguishes a gene that is dark because nobody has looked from one that is dark despite having been studied. Source: PubMed (whole): H37Rv locus tag + GENE NAME + ortholog identifiers (Mb…, MMAR_…, MSMEG_…, ML…, MAB_…), under a mycobacterial context filter; hits verified against the abstract text. Species-context counts distinguish M. tuberculosis literature from literature on other mycobacteria. phase76/phase77, 2026-07-13.

Genomic-neighbour overlap (structural caveat) co-directional · 0 % of gene

NeighbourRv3355c (Rv3355c, - strand)
Overlap4 bp, 0 % of this gene's length

co-directional overlap: ordinary (e.g. shared stop/start codons in an operon), not the Rv2438A-type artefact P20.1, derived from GFF3 gene coordinates, 2026-08-03.

CRISPRi vulnerability

Vulnerability index -10.34 (95% CI -10.96 to -9.75). A more negative index = more vulnerable to knockdown (better drug-target quality); indicative threshold VI ≤ -6 = highly vulnerable.

Quantitative CRISPRi knockdown, graded (finer than binary Tn-seq essentiality). Source: CRISPRi vulnerability index (Bosch 2021, supplementary Table S2 'mmc3.xlsx', bulk import via Europe PMC -- supersedes the per-gene pebble.rockefeller.edu scrape of phase46_crispri_vulnerability.py).

Legacy record & comparison (Mycobrowser)

Mycobrowser functionNecessary for the biosynthesis of purines, thymydylate, methionine, histidine, pantothenate, and formyl tRNA-met [catalytic activity: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NADP(+) = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NADPH] [catalytic activity: 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + H(2)O = 10-formyltetrahydrofolate].
Mycobrowser EC 1.5.1.5, 3.5.4.9 · agrees with the atlas

The legacy Mycobrowser record is shown for verification. Mycobrowser is no longer maintained; its EC numbers predate recent nomenclature revisions, so a class change usually reflects re-numbering, not a conflict.

Orthologues (reciprocal best hits across mycobacteria)

M. bovis Mb3391c · 99.3% identity
M. leprae ML0674 · 86.8% identity
M. marinum MMAR_1176 · 91.1% identity
M. smegmatis MSMEG_1647 · 87.2% identity
M. orygis RJtmp_003459 · 99.6% identity
M. abscessus MAB_3692c · 84.2% identity

Reciprocal-best-hit orthologues (DIAMOND) against the Mycobrowser reference proteomes. A missing species is informative: e.g. a gene absent from M. leprae was likely lost in its reductive genome evolution. Locus tags link to Mycobrowser.

Curated reference (UniProt)

UniProt P9WG81 SwissProt · reviewed · Evidence at protein level
UniProt nameBifunctional protein FolD [Includes: Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase
EC (curated) EC 1.5.1.5, EC 3.5.4.9
Curated functionCatalyzes the oxidation of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate and then the hydrolysis of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate to 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.

Functional vocabulary (eggNOG-mapper, orthology transfer)

COG category F Nucleotide transport and metabolism
Preferred namefolD
eggNOG descriptionCatalyzes the oxidation of 5,10- methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate and then the hydrolysis of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate to 10- formyltetrahydrofolate
Orthologous groupCOG0190
EC number EC 1.5.1.5, EC 3.5.4.9
KEGG orthology K01491
KEGG pathways map00670, map00720, map01100, map01120, map01200
KEGG modules M00140, M00377
Gene Ontology (31) GO:0003674, GO:0003824, GO:0004477, GO:0004488, GO:0005575, GO:0005576, GO:0005622, GO:0005623, GO:0005737, GO:0005829, GO:0005886, GO:0006730 +19 more

Orthology-based transfer (eggNOG 5.0.2, diamond). EC/KO/GO/CAZy are computed annotations, not manual curation; cross-check against the primary literature before treating a specific reaction as established.

Conservation & selection (intra-MTBC, 142 601 strains, snapshot of 2026-09-29)

pN/pS 0.563 · quasi-invariant (5 sites), pN/pS underpowered
Polymorphic sites (≥ 0.1% of strains) 2 synonymous, 3 missense, 0 nonsense, 0 frameshift

pN/pS from segregating SNPs (singletons removed) normalised by possible sites. Low pN/pS = purifying selection (a strong signal that a "hypothetical" is a real, constrained gene). A high pN/pS is ambiguous: relaxed constraint or positive selection (drug resistance, antigenic variation) inflate it; e.g. rpoB/katG/pncA score high here for resistance, not loss of function. A clonal disruption (one allele over a clade) suggests lineage pseudogenisation; a convergent one (many independent alleles) is typical of resistance loss-of-function.

Outgroup conservation (beyond the MTBC) Bacteria

M. canettii dN/dS (deep-divergence selection) 0.0 (low power) · 2 consensus substitution(s)
low power (2 canettii-consensus substitution(s)); present in M. canettii but dN/dS not reliable
Limitation: dN/dS mixes fixed canettii-H37Rv divergence with intra-canettii polymorphism, and is not polarised (the per-gene repolarisation is not viable: 79 % of the consensus SPDI lie outside the polarised table).
Genus-wide presence (~53 non-MTBC Mycobacterium) present in 53/53 (100%) · mean identity 90.7% · 4/4 closest MTBAP relatives
conserved across the genus (present in 53/53 non-MTBC Mycobacterium genomes, incl. distant relatives) — an ancient core gene predating the genus radiation
Phylostratum (deepest detected homolog) MTBC-specific → Mycobacterium → Mycobacteriaceae → Corynebacteriales → Actinomycetia → Bacteria
detected in 13/13 non-Mycobacterium reference genomes (down to Bacteria) · mean identity 64.8%
detected down to outside the phylum (Proteobacteria/Firmicutes controls) — a universally conserved, ancient bacterial gene

Two orthogonal outgroup signals. M. canettii (the immediate outgroup) gives a deep-divergence dN/dS (a low value confirms a constrained, real gene; shown as confident only at ≥8 substitutions, else flagged low-power). Genus-wide presence/absence (tblastn vs assembled non-MTBC genomes) places the gene on the ancient-core ↔ MTBC-specific axis: a gene absent even from the closest MTBAP relatives is a candidate MTBC-specific innovation (possible host-adaptation factor, to confirm by synteny). The phylostratum extends that axis outside the genus (tblastn vs 13 reference genomes spanning Mycobacteriaceae → Corynebacteriales → Actinomycetia → outside the phylum): it is the deepest clade in which a homolog is still detected, i.e. a proxy for gene age. Read it with the null model in mind: a shallow (young) stratum can also reflect homology-detection failure for short or fast-evolving ORFs, so it is a descriptive axis, not a proof of novelty.

Essentiality (transposon mutagenesis) essential

DeJesus 2017 callES · essential
What the call meansessential: insertions absent across the whole ORF
TA sites (Himar1) 9 in the ORF — 9 in the essential state, 0 growth-defect, 0 non-essential, 0 growth-advantage. Saturation 0.111, mean read count 1. A region of the protein devoid of TA sites is invisible to this assay: nothing can be inferred about it, in either direction.
All 9 sites lie in this ORF alone (no overlapping CDS shares any), so the call is attributable to this gene.
CaveatRead with some caution: only 9 TA (Himar1) sites in the whole ORF (atlas median 13). The DeJesus 2017 call rests on fewer independent observations than for a longer gene. If this gene overlaps a neighbour (see Genomic-neighbour overlap section below), some of these 9 sites may fall inside the neighbour's ORF rather than its own, leaving even fewer truly informative sites than the raw count suggests. (P20.3)

Genome-wide Himar1 transposon essentiality in H37Rv (DeJesus 2017). An essential call (ES/ESD/GD) is strong, independent evidence that a "hypothetical" locus encodes a functional, selectively required gene — orthogonal to intra-species conservation.

Chemical-genetic target & druggability (PROSPECT) hypomorph tool strain

This gene is part of the PROSPECT collection of TetON transcriptional-knockdown (hypomorph) strains of essential M. tuberculosis genes, built as a sensitised background for chemical-genetic mechanism-of-action deconvolution. Being in the panel means the gene is an essential / vulnerable target for which a validated knockdown tool strain exists.

Hypomorph strainRv3356c-folD_TetOn6.1 (TetON promoter 6)
Baseline knockdown fitness2.436 median doublings (across 6 screen pool(s)) — fewer doublings = stronger growth defect on knockdown
Used in target deconvolutionyes (informs phenotypic-cluster / MOA assignment)

Panel membership reflects essentiality/vulnerability and the availability of a genetic tool, not a specific molecular function; it never changes the verdict here. Source: Bond AN et al., Nat Commun 2025;16:9673 (doi:10.1038/s41467-025-64662-x); PROSPECT chemical-genetic platform.

Mutant phenotypes (conditional Tn-seq, MtbTnDB)

Conditionlog2FCqEffect
Differential genetic requirements of clinical Mtb strain (ID=631) from East Asian lineage (compared to H37Rv control) (strain background) +6.920.0 required
Differential genetic requirements of clinical Mtb strain (ID=621) from East Asian lineage (compared to H37Rv control) (strain background) +6.580.0 required
Differential genetic requirements of clinical Mtb strain (ID=662) from East Asian lineage (compared to H37Rv control) (strain background) +5.920.0 required
Differential genetic requirements of clinical Mtb strain (ID=632) from East Asian lineage (compared to H37Rv control) (strain background) +5.370.0 required
Differential genetic requirements of clinical Mtb strain (ID=641) from Indo-Oceanic lineage (compared to H37Rv control) (strain background) +5.340.0 required
Differential genetic requirements of clinical Mtb strain (ID=667) from Indo-Oceanic lineage (compared to H37Rv control) (strain background) +4.450.0 required

Conditional fitness of transposon-disruption mutants across 6 significant condition(s) (|log2FC|≥1, q≤0.05), from the standardized MtbTnDB compendium. A negative log2FC means the mutant is depleted — the gene contributes to fitness in that condition. An in-vivo defect for a "hypothetical" is strong evidence it matters for infection, even without a known molecular function. Disruption (Tn insertion), not a clean deletion; genetic-interaction screens excluded.

Proteomics (mass spectrometry) detected

MS detectiondetected in 15 of 16 independent MS datasets
Integrated abundance552.0 ppm · rank 374/3519 (89.4th percentile)

Detection by mass spectrometry is direct, experimental evidence that the protein product exists — orthogonal to sequence conservation and to Tn-seq essentiality, and especially decisive for a "hypothetical" locus. Read the dataset count as abundance, not as replication. Measured across this atlas (3,491 detected proteins), the number of datasets a protein appears in tracks its abundance almost monotonically: median 1.2 ppm at 1 dataset of 16, 27 ppm at 10, 392 ppm at 15, 1,325 ppm at 16 — three orders of magnitude. A high count therefore says the protein is abundant more than it says several independent experiments confirmed it. What the count does establish, at any value, is that the product exists.

Predicted localisation (DeepTMHMM + lipobox) no export signal, no TM helix

Predictionno signal peptide, no TM helix (DeepTMHMM class GLOB)
DeepTMHMM classGLOB

A verified absence of signals, which is not a compartment. No Sec/Tat signal peptide, no transmembrane helix and no lipobox were found on this sequence. The predictor reports topology and export signals; it does not measure where the protein ends up, so this page draws no cytoplasmic conclusion from it. In M. tuberculosis that reservation is not theoretical: the 12 Esx paralogues of this atlas — EsxA/ESAT-6 and EsxB/CFP-10 among them, the best-established secreted proteins of the species — carry this very call, because substrates of the type VII (ESX) secretion system leave no recognisable signal. « Secreted » and « no signal peptide » are true together here.

Transmembrane topology and signal peptide from DeepTMHMM (deep-learning reference predictor); lipoproteins from a (myco)bacterial lipobox motif. A sequence-based prediction of subcellular context.

Physico-chemical properties (computed, ProtParam)

Length281 aa
Molecular weight29.5 kDa
Theoretical pI5.97
GRAVY0.051 (hydrophobic)
Aliphatic index107.6
Aromaticity0.021
Instability index25.1 (stable)

Computed from the ancestral MTBC0 sequence with the ExPASy ProtParam method (Biopython). Descriptive biophysical context: a positive GRAVY flags a hydrophobic (often membrane) protein, a high instability index (>40) predicts a short in-vitro half-life, an extreme pI hints at compartment or binding partner.

Domains (Pfam, hmmscan --cut_ga)

PfamAccessioni-EvalueResiduesDescription
THF_DHG_CYHPF00763.29 7.5e-376–120 Tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase, catalytic domain
THF_DHG_CYH_CPF02882.26 1.5e-52139–280 Tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase, NAD(P)-binding domain

3D structure (interactive — Mol*/pdbe-molstar)

Experimental structure 2c2x (PDBe), the strongest available structural evidence for this gene. Drag to rotate, scroll to zoom; hetero-groups (ligands, ions, waters hidden by default) shown as sticks.

Experimental structures (Protein Data Bank) 2 solved

PDBMethodResolutionCoverage
2c2x X-ray diffraction 2.0 Å 100%
2c2y X-ray diffraction 2.3 Å 100%

Experimentally solved structures mapped from the UniProt accession via PDBe/SIFTS (2 total; up to 8 shown, ranked by sequence coverage then resolution). An experimental structure is direct proof of the folded product and the strongest structural evidence — superseding the predicted ESMFold/AlphaFold models below for any covered region.

Structural search (AlphaFold DB model, Foldseek vs PDB — genome-wide) pLDDT 96.9

PDB hitprobTM (aln)TM (query)TM (target)Seq. id.Cov. q / tE-valueDescription
2c2y-assembly1_A-2 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.98 100% 100% / 100% 1.4e-55 sig 2c2y-assembly1_A-2 Three Dimensional Structure of bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-cyclohydrolase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
6de8-assembly1_A 1.00 0.96 0.96 0.96 42% 99% / 99% 1.8e-33 sig 6de8-assembly1_A Crystal Structure of Bifunctional Enzyme FolD-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/Cyclohydrolase from Campylobacter jejuni
6ape-assembly1_A 1.00 0.96 0.96 0.95 39% 99% / 99% 2.6e-33 sig 6ape-assembly1_A Crystal Structure of Bifunctional protein FolD from Helicobacter pylori
6jib-assembly1_A 1.00 0.97 0.97 0.93 41% 99% / 99% 5.0e-33 sig 6jib-assembly1_A Human MTHFD2 in complex with DS44960156
6s4a-assembly1_B 1.00 0.97 0.97 0.93 41% 100% / 99% 1.1e-32 sig 6s4a-assembly1_B Structure of human MTHFD2 in complex with TH9028

Foldseek search of the AlphaFold DB model (mean pLDDT 96.9, gated at 70) against the PDB — a genome-wide extension of the ESMFold dark-gene search that also covers proteins beyond the single-sequence length limit. Confident structural neighbours (E < 0.01) shown.

Genomic context (neighbours & predicted operon) operon of 2

Upstream (5' on genome)Rv3355c (- strand, -4 bp gap)
Downstream (3' on genome)relJ (+ strand, 123 bp gap)
Predicted operon Rv3355c · folD

Neighbours from the H37Rv annotation (- strand). The operon is predicted by co-directional intergenic distance (same strand, gaps ≤50 bp) — a transcription-unit hypothesis, not a mapped TSS. For a "hypothetical", co-transcription with a characterised operon is a concrete functional lead (complements the STRING neighborhood channel below).

Published operon evidence (two independent sources)

Roback 2007 (logistic regression: distance + expression correlation, 474 microarrays) no multi-gene operon predicted (singleton) — disagrees with the distance heuristic above
REMap 2016 (RNA-seq coverage continuity, CDC1551, tag MT3464) exponential phase: operon of 2, Rv3355c · Rv3356c (coverage 24.47)
expressed, no multi-gene operon (stationary phase, coverage 16.23) — agrees with the distance heuristic above

Two independent published operon maps, cited alongside the distance heuristic above: an association corroborating or contradicting the heuristic, never proof of shared function. REMap's RNA-seq coverage continuity is the most direct of the three signals; Roback's logistic regression and the intergenic-distance heuristic are statistical proxies.

Functional interaction network (STRING v12, guilt-by-association)

Explore full network →

Node colour = verdict, dashed = still uncharacterised; edge colour = evidence (green experimental, orange genomic-context, grey co-expression), width ∝ score. Click a partner to open its page; "Explore full network" to walk the graph.

Closest characterised functional partner: Rv3359 (oxidoreductase), high confidence (score 739, all STRING channels except text-mining; the partner is chosen on its genomic-context evidence).

Showing the 15 strongest of this gene's 84 partners at medium confidence (21 at high confidence). The table is an extract, not a neighbourhood: across the proteome the real median degree is 34 while the served median is 15, so no hub, degree distribution or centrality may be read on this table. None of the 84 partners rests on an interaction measured in M. tuberculosis itself.

PartnerProductScoreNo text-miningChannels (≥400)
Rv0070c glyA2 curated serine hydroxymethyltransferase 982 971 coexpression:647 database:900 textmining:415
Rv1093 glyA1 curated serine hydroxymethyltransferase 982 971 coexpression:651 database:900 textmining:415
Rv0957 purH curated bifunctional phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase/inosinemonophosphate cyclohydrolase 994 969 coexpression:648 database:900 textmining:845
Rv0956 purN curated phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase PurN 995 962 coexpression:425 database:900 textmining:895
Rv2211c gcvT curated aminomethyltransferase 960 948 coexpression:460 database:900
Rv1406 fmt curated methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase 961 947 coexpression:461 database:900
Rv2964 purU curated formyltetrahydrofolate deformylase 974 941 database:900 textmining:593
Rv2764c thyA curated thymidylate synthase ThyA 965 924 database:900 textmining:565
Rv2754c thyX curated thymidylate synthase ThyX 948 908 database:900 textmining:458
Rv0992c curated 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase 929 908 database:900
Rv0389 purT curated phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase PurT 906 900 database:900
Rv3355c dark integral membrane protein 882 882 ctx neighborhood:881
Rv1832 gcvB curated glycine dehydrogenase 900 831 coexpression:492 database:500 textmining:435
Rv0777 purB adenylosuccinate lyase PurB 819 783 coexpression:770
Rv3359 oxidoreductase 754 739 ctx neighborhood:738

STRING combines evidence channels (neighborhood, fusion, cooccurrence, coexpression, experimental, database, text-mining) into a 0–1000 score. The ctx badge marks edges carried by the genomic-context channels (conserved neighborhood, fusion, phylogenetic co-occurrence), which are independent of orthology and structure and the strongest signal for an unknown gene. The no text-mining column recomputes the score from data alone, so a link that does not depend on the literature is visible. Association is a function hypothesis, not proof: corroborate with the operon context and the primary literature before assigning a function.

Where the experimental evidence comes from, and why it matters here. STRING's experimental channel fuses interactions measured in M. tuberculosis with interactions measured in another organism and transferred to this pair by orthology. The two are not equivalent for this atlas, whose standing rule is that better studied elsewhere is not a function established in M. tuberculosis. Measured on the served network: of the 38 229 partner pairs shown across the atlas, 13 483 partner rows carry a non-zero experimental channel, and only 106 pairs rest on an interaction measured in M. tuberculosis itself — 0.3 % of the network. Those 106 are long-established complexes (ESX-1/ESAT-6, RNA polymerase with CarD and RbpA, the Pup–Mpa proteasome, gyrase, Emb, GarA with PknB and PknG, the Rel modules); no still-uncharacterised gene is among them. The reason is not a gap in this atlas but in the literature: there is almost no experimental interactome of this bacterium, IntAct holding 134 curated protein pairs for a ~4 000-gene proteome. A exp (transferred) badge is therefore a lead, never a measurement, and an absence of badge is not evidence that the pair does not interact.

Evidence

  • Annotation from H37Rv (no MTBC0 1:1 anchor; H37Rv protein used): bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase
  • Pfam (hmmscan --cut_ga): THF_DHG_CYH PF00763.29 (E=8e-37), THF_DHG_CYH_C PF02882.26 (E=2e-52)
  • (auto-curated by rules from PGAP + Pfam + Foldseek; not hand-reviewed)

Sources

  • Ancestral sequence & coordinates: Harrison LB et al. (2024), An imputed ancestral reference genome for the MTBC, doi:10.1101/2023.09.07.556366
  • Product annotation: NCBI PGAP on MTBC0; legacy from H37Rv NC_000962.3 (RefSeq NP_217873.1)
  • Domains: Pfam-A via hmmscan --cut_ga — THF_DHG_CYH (PF00763.29), THF_DHG_CYH_C (PF02882.26)
  • Sequence-level signal: ESM Atlas (EvolutionaryScale × BioHub) — exploratory
  • Controlled vocabulary: eggNOG-mapper 2.1.12 (Cantalapiedra et al. 2021, doi:10.1093/molbev/msab293), eggNOG 5.0 DB (Huerta-Cepas et al. 2019) — OG COG0190
  • Curated reference: UniProt P9WG81 (SwissProt, reviewed; Evidence at protein level)
  • Intra-MTBC selection: pN/pS and disruption from SPDI variants of 142 601 MTBC strains (this work, local collection vs H37Rv NC_000962.3)
  • Genome-wide structure: AlphaFold DB model (Jumper et al. 2021, doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2; Varadi et al. 2024, doi:10.1093/nar/gkad1011) searched vs PDB with Foldseek (mean pLDDT 96.9)
  • Interaction network: STRING v12.0 (Szklarczyk et al. 2023, doi:10.1093/nar/gkac1000), taxon 83332, CC-BY 4.0 — 84 functional partner(s); context anchor Rv3359
  • Essentiality: genome-wide transposon mutagenesis in H37Rv — DeJesus et al. 2017 (mBio, doi:10.1128/mBio.02133-16, CC BY)
  • Proteomics: integrated mass-spectrometry abundance from PaxDb 5.0 (Huang et al. 2023, doi:10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100640), taxon 83332 — weighted average of 16 datasets, incl. Schubert et al. 2013 (doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.04.008) and Albrethsen et al. 2013 (doi:10.1074/mcp.M112.018846)
  • Functional category: TubercuList scheme (Cole et al. 1998, doi:10.1038/31159), via Mycobrowser (Kapopoulou et al. 2011, doi:10.1016/j.tube.2010.09.006)
  • Orthologues: reciprocal best hits (DIAMOND, Buchfink et al. 2021, doi:10.1038/s41592-021-01101-x) against Mycobrowser release 5 reference proteomes
  • Experimental structures: PDBe/SIFTS UniProt→PDB mapping (Dana et al. 2019, doi:10.1093/nar/gky1114)
  • Genomic context / operon: H37Rv annotation; operon predicted by co-directional intergenic distance (Salgado et al. 2000, doi:10.1073/pnas.030539397)
  • Mutant phenotypes: standardized Tn-seq compendium MtbTnDB (Jinich et al. 2025, doi:10.1111/mmi.15370), aggregating many primary Tn-seq studies across conditions
  • Physico-chemical properties: ExPASy ProtParam method via Biopython (Gasteiger et al. 2005), computed from the MTBC0 sequence
  • Predicted localisation: DeepTMHMM (Hallgren et al. 2022, doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487609) for transmembrane topology and signal peptide
  • Primary literature: none located yet; annotation rests on the domain/homology sources above.

Ancestral MTBC0 protein sequence

>H37Rv|Rv3356c|folD
MGAIMLDGKATRDEIFGDLKQRVAALDAAGRTPGLGTILVGDDPGSQAYVRGKHADCAKVGITSIRRDLPADISTATLNETIDELNANPDCTGYIVQLPLPKHLDENAALERVDPAKDADGLHPTNLGRLVLGTPAPLPCTPRGIVHLLRRYDISIAGAHVVVIGRGVTVGRPLGLLLTRRSENATVTLCHTGTRDLPALTRQADIVVAAVGVAHLLTADMVRPGAAVIDVGVSRTDDGLVGDVHPDVWELAGHVSPNPGGVGPLTRAFLLTNVVELAERR